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FP-PC and BWB Drive FP-PC App The BWB flame photometer has been configured to easily satisfy the most sophisticated IT requirements. The FP-PC app provides a useful interface to the BWB Flame Photometer (FP) facilitating the following operations: Normal calibration Report production Logging of streaming data for continuous on-line applications. (A 4-20 mA signal can also be output proportional to a calibrated channel on the FP). Extraction of data from the flame photometer when operated in automatic or semi-automatic mode with or without auto-sampler / auto-diluter known as Automatic Fluid Handling System (AFHS) Calibration manipulation including: 1. Upload from / download to the FP 2. Storage / retrieval of calibrations using the PC or system hard drive These functions are provided by the Welcome, Calibrate, Report, Logging, AFHS tabs together with one more (XP-Cal or BIO-Cal) that is dependent on the mode that the FP is being operated in. The FP-PC app, included with every purchase, has been written with GLP compliance in mind and facilitates the creation of data and reports in PDF format. BWB Drive New for 2014, BWB have created an industry leading USB flash drive packed full of features and resources designed to aide your daily analysis and BWB experience. Exclusively for BWB customers, this self-contained resource includes: Tutorial videos in 10 languages PC and Mac compatibility FP-PC app installation package (PC only) The XP Story – A short film about the technical wizards at BWB Links to BWB’s growing online video library (internet connection required) Manuals, guides, warranty information and registration PDF A list of international support and distributor contact details 13 GB of free space for you to use as you please! This wealth of information is provided in a beautifully designed BWB branded USB memory stick, which includes a built in flash light!

The BWB XP Flame Photometer Our award winning 5-channel instrument Ready to use straight out of the box! General Purpose Flame Photometer! T he BWB XP is the first and only 5 channel flame photometer with simultaneous detection and display of all 5 elements. The BWB XP was designed from the ground up, using new, innovative and modern technology to give unsurpassed levels of accuracy, usability and reliability while significantly reducing analysis time. Our customers do not need to waste valuable time changing filters and re-calibrating when a different measurement is required, as is a common requirement in all other Flame Photometer designs from 1951 to the present. With clean lines and contemporary bright colour schemes, the XP looks exceptionally modern and will fit into any laboratory. The instrument has a large LCD display, which can be viewed easily from any angle. Our metal casework provides a sturdy portable instrument and enables future recycling opportunities. ROHS compliant components and materials are used wherever possible. The BWB Carbon Footprint is exceptionally low, in keeping with corporate objectives of being a responsible manufacturer. Unlike other manufacturers who charge extra for vital accessories, BWB include everything required to use the product straight out of the box. Just add Gas!! (Propane, LPG or butane). We also provide as standard, data sharing via USB from the BWB XP to your PC. This ties the output of the BWB Flame Emission Spectrometer (FES) to the Internet or your company intranet systems and facilitates Distributed Control which is vital for Multi-National companies, Universities and various Governmental agencies. The BWB XP is the greatest advance in flame photometry for 30 years! FEATURES SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION AND DISPLAY OF ALL 5 ATOMS OF INTEREST INTUITIVE USER INTERFACE FOR TRUE EASE OF USE DISPLAY PROMPTS STEP BY STEP OPERATION BUILT-IN AIR COMPRESSOR SOLUTIONS AND LABWARE INCLUDED DATA SHARING VIA PC LINK VIA USB OPERATOR INDEPENDENT DETERMINATION OF RESULTS 5 USER SELECTABLE UNITS OF MEASURE USER SELECTABLE DECIMAL PLACES INTEGRATED PRINTER OPTION USES READILY AVAILABLE PAPER IQ, OQ, PQ WEB-BASED CERTIFICATION AVAILABLE: IQ OQ PQ is completely unique in the analytical instrumentation arena. Available in English, Russian, German, Mandarin, French and Spanish.More languages in development CORRECTION OF CA FOR THE INTERFERENCE FROM HIGH LEVELS OF NA Technical Data Sample rate 2 – 3.5ml/min Tubing materials Silicone and Tygon® Required desk space for Instrument 50cm (H) x 45cm (W) x 45cm (D)* For Safety reasons the Flame photometer requires 1m of unobstructed space above to allow dissipation of heat from the chimney. Instrument size XP Flame Photometer 51cm (H) x 38cm (W) x 41cm (D) (20in x 14in x 16in) Shipping 62cm (H) x 55cm (W) x 47cm (D) (24in x 22in x 19in) Weight XP Flame Photometer – 15.3kg (33.7lbs) Shipping – 25kg (55.1 lbs) Optimal range Single point calibration Na 0.1 – 60ppm K 0.05 – 100ppm Li 0.05 – 50ppm Ca 1.0 – 100ppm Ba 1.6 – 100ppm Multi Point Calibration Na 0.1 – 1000ppm K 0.05 – 1000ppm Li 0.05 – 1000ppm Ca 1.0 – 1000ppm Ba 5.0 – 3000ppm Reproducibility <1% Coefficient of variability for 20 consecutive samples over ten minutes at concentrations of 100ppm or less. (After instrument stabilisation). Specificity Na/K/Li = <0.5% to each other when equal in concentration at <100ppm Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) LOD LOQ Na – 0.03ppm Na – 0.1ppm K – 0.02ppm K – 0.05ppm Li – 0.02ppm Li – 0.05ppm Ca – 0.3ppm Ca – 1ppm Ba – 1.6ppm Ba – 5.0ppm Time to stability Less than 15 seconds after sample is introduced into the flame. Ions measured Simultaneous measurement of Na, K, Li, Ca, Ba Interfaces USB 0-2.5 volt output (based on sample concentration linked to element of users choice) Optional 4-20mA output in place of the above Optional integrated printer .csv and .pdf generated reports and files via FP-PC software Recommended minimum warm up time based on ambient temperature 21ºC – 40 minutes Power requirements 100V – 250V AC at 50 or 60Hz automatically selecting Fuel requirement Propane, Butane or Natural Gas* regulated to 19Bar. Flow rate of 0.4l/min *with modifications. BWB Technologies recommends either Propane or Butane for optimum results. Readout LCD, four line, alpha numeric, back lit. WHAT’S IN THE BOX PC Leads USB and RS232 Selection of 3 Power cables to suit all regions Gas Hose Propane Adapter Aspiration Kit Manuals covering all aspects of the XP FP Quick Start guides Warranty Registration Form Certificates of analysis for all provided Fluids Material Safety Data Sheets for all provided Fluids The FP-PC Software installation USB 1L of BWB recommended cleaning solution 150ml calibration fluids for all 5 elements at 10,000ppm. 100ml conical flask with screw lid 100 disposable sample cups 1L of De-Ionised water 2m of waste tube Set of spare fuses 10 x 10ml pipettes 10 x 1ml pipettes

Determination of Sodium in Biodiesel by Flame Atomic This method allows the analyte to be pre-concentrated in the final solution, decreases the volume of strong acid used in the dissolution stage and does not use organic solvents. Procedure The sample of biodiesel is weighed into a crucible and placed in a heating muffle furnace. Two temperatures are used in the heating program for the dry decomposition: the first temperature (250ºC) is maintained for 1 hour to dry the sample. After this the temperature is progressively elevated to 600ºC and maintained for 4 hours to eliminate the remaining organic material. After cooling, the resulting inorganic residue is dissolved in a nitric acid solution (1.0% v/v). The resulting solution is transferred to a 100ml volumetric flask, and diluted to volume with dilute nitric acid (1.0% v/v). The LOD (limit of detection) for this method is given as 1.3 μg g-1 sodium and the LOQ (limit of quantitation) is 4.3 μg g-1 sodium. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium emission. Nebulize the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulize the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB the flame photometer) to concentration of all the standard solutions.

Measurement of Sodium, Potassium and Calcium in Fresh Fruit 1 In most cases, it was found that flame photometry was well suited for the determination of sodium, potassium and calcium in fresh fruits, using the wet washing technique as given below. There are significant differences in the composition between different varieties of the same fruit, although these differences are not usually considered to be nutritionally significant. In general, calcium was shown to have the greatest variability between different varieties of the same fruit. Based upon typical serving sizes, most fruits could not be considered as ‘good’ sources of calcium (defined as at least 10% of the Daily Value per serving). Most fruits contain very low levels of sodium and most could be considered as ‘sodium free foods’ (FDA, 1993), thus making fruit a good choice for individuals on sodium restricted diets. Potassium is also an important element in human nutrition and several fruits such as strawberries, bananas, avocados, cantaloupes, honeydew melon and plantains are considered to be good sources (providing at least 10% of the Daily Value). Procedure Preparation of Sample A representative amount of fruit is prepared; in the case of individual fruits, a minimum of three is used or in the case of grapes or similar, 100g is prepared. Where appropriate, the fruit is peeled and seeds are removed. The pulp is homogenised and the processed sample is stored in acid-cleaned polyethylene containers. The prepared pulp samples are prepared in triplicate using a wet ash digestion. Calcium analyses are performed with the addition of 4% 8-hydroxyquinoline to serve as a protecting agent to prevent the formation of refractory species. Typically 5g samples are added to cleaned test tubes and 1ml of concentrated sub-boiling distilled nitric acid is added. The mixture is heated to 80ºC overnight. The digest is treated with 1ml of 50% hydrogen peroxide, added dropwise and heated at 100ºC for several hours, repeating the process until sample digests are clear. Digest is heated overnight at 80ºC and 1ml HCl is added and the digests are heated for 3-4 hours at 80ºC. The digest is filtered using ashless filter paper (Whatman No.41) and diluted to a final volume of 15ml and stored in polyethylene bottles until analysed. Preparation of calibration standards The calibration solutions should also contain a similar matrix of 5% v/v nitric acid and 5% v/v hydrochloric acid and prepared using the appropriate organometallic salt in an aqueous stock solution. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium emission. Nebulise the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulise the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB the flame photometer) to concentration of all the standard solutions. 1 Miller-Ihli, N.J., ‘Atomic Absorption and Atomic Emission Spectrometry for the Determination of the Trace Element Content of Selected Fruits Consumed in the UnitedStates’, J. Food Composition and Anal., 9, (1996), p.301-311.

Measurement of Sodium, Potassium and Calcium in Plant Extracts The most important ions which naturally occur in plant tissues are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate. A sample of 5 g of oven-dried plant material contains on average, 25 mg calcium, 9 mg magnesium, 80 mg potassium and 3 mg sodium. The recommended method for the measurement of calcium is to precipitate the calcium as an oxalate, dissolve the precipitate and measure the resulting solution. Sodium and potassium may be measured directly following an ashing procedure and preparation of a solution. Procedure 5 g of oven-dried material is weighed into a wide silica basin and ashed at 4500°C for 1½ to 2 hours. The resulting ash is taken up in 10mL of 6M HCl and evaporated to dryness. The process is repeated. 10 ml of 2M HCl is added to the residue and the basin is covered with a watch-glass and digested on a steam bath for 30 minutes. The surface of watch glass is rinsed with deionised distilled water into the basin. The contents of the basin are filtered through a Schleicher & Schűll filter paper number 589 into a 250 ml volumetric flask and after washing, made up to the mark. (Schleicher & Schűll number 589 is an ashless quantitative paper for medium fine precipitates.) From this solution, 50 ml is taken for the direct determination of sodium and potassium. Procedure for Calcium Determination: The remainder of the above solution is used for the determination of calcium, as follows: The solution is heated to 800°C and a few drops of methyl red indicator solution is added, followed by 15 ml of saturated ammonium oxalate solution. Ammonia (15%) is added until the colour changes and the precipitate has dissolved. The solution is set aside overnight or put onto a steam bath for 2 hours. The solution is filtered through a Schleicher & Schűll filter paper number 589. The filter is washed with 15 ml of 3M HCl and finally with deionised water. Once the precipitate has dissolved, the solution is transferred to a 250mL volumetric flask and made up to volume with deionised distilled water and is ready for measurement of calcium. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium emission. Nebulise the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulise the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB the flame photometer) to concentration of all the standard solutions.

Determination of Sodium in Biodiesel using Dry Decomposition for the Sample Preparation This method allows the analyte to be pre-concentrated in the final solution, decreases the volume of strong acid used in the dissolution stage and does not use organic solvents. Procedure The sample of biodiesel is weighed into a crucible and placed in a heating muffle furnace. Two temperatures are used in the heating program for the dry decomposition: the first temperature (250ºC) is maintained for 1 hour to dry the sample. After this the temperature is progressively elevated to 600ºC and maintained for 4 hours to eliminate the remaining organic material. After cooling, the resulting inorganic residue is dissolved in a nitric acid solution (1.0% v/v). The resulting solution is transferred to a 100ml polypropylene volumetric flask, and diluted to volume with distilled water. It should be noted that when following this method all standards should be diluted in the same 1.0% nitric acid solution to negate any spectral interferences caused by it being present in the solution when the sample is introduced to the flame photometer. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium emission. Nebulise the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulise the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB the flame photometer) to concentration of all the standard solutions.

The BWB SFP Flame Photometer Evolving Flame Photometry to fit your specific needs The BWB flame photometer is a game-changer in what is possible with a low temperature flame and our product development program has, since day one, been driven by our customer’s demands. We have strong mutually beneficial partnerships within many commercial and academic organisations that faced specific challenges that were addressed by a BWB Special flame photometer. Currently we are measuring Na, K, Li, Ca, Cs and Ba and combinations of these detectors allow users to engage with BWB engineers to evolve an ideal instrument that caters to their specific needs. A case in point is a global supplier of ultra high purity Lithium ingots who operates thermal steam electricity power facilities, and uses exotic filtration methods to extract, among other detected ions, lithium. Our hybridized Custom BWB Flame Photometer has allowed them to augment their costly and exotic ICP and AAS instrumentation with our simple to use and exceptionally powerful instrument. Get in touch now and see how BWB can work with you to develop a BWB Special Flame Photometer specific to your needs. Presently we have formed a Strategic Alliance with a Major Oil and Gas Company and are co-developing a hybridized FES for online assistance in an exciting break-though technology for oil and natural gas production purposes. FEATURES SPECIALLY CONFIGURED TO SUIT YOUR NEEDS “IRS” (INTERNAL REFERENCE STANDARD) AVAILABLE OUR NON TRADITIONAL 5TH “UNIT OF MEASURE” ALLOWS THE TRUE INNOVATION OF UNITS TO DISPLAY AND LINK OUTBOUND VIA OUR FP-PC COUPLING TO THE INTER OR INTRA NET SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION AND DISPLAY OF ANY COMBINATION OF ALL 5 ATOMS OF INTEREST COMPATIBLE WITH BWB AFHS INTUITIVE USER INTERFACE FOR TRUE EASE OF USE DISPLAY PROMPTS STEP BY STEP OPERATION BUILT-IN AIR COMPRESSOR SOLUTIONS AND LABWARE INCLUDED DATA SHARING VIA PC LINK OPERATOR INDEPENDENT DETERMINATION OF RESULTS 4 USER SELECTABLE UNITS OF MEASURE WITH A FIFTH OPTIONAL UNIT OF MEASURE USER SELECTABLE DECIMAL PLACES INTEGRATED PRINTER USES READILY AVAILABLE PAPER FROM ANY HIGH STREET OFFICE SUPPLY COMPANY CORRECTION OF CA FOR THE INTERFERENCE FROM HIGH LEVELS OF NA Technical Data Sample rate 2-3.5ml/min Tubing materials Silicone and Tygon® or as specified Specificity Na/K/Li = <0.5% to each other when equal in concentration at <100ppm Required desk space for Instrument 50cm (H) x 45cm (W) x45cm (D) For Safety reasons the Flame photometer requires 1m of unobstructed space above to allow dissipation of heat from the chimney. Instrument size SFP Flame Photometer 51cm (H) x 38cm (W) x 41cm (D) (20in x 14in x 16in) Shipping 62cm (H) x 55cm (W) x 47cm (D) (24in x 22in x 19in) Weight SFP Flame Photometer – 15.3kg Shipping – 25kg Optimal range Single point calibration Na 0.1 – 60ppm K 0.05 – 100ppm Li 0.05 – 50ppm Ca 1.0 – 100ppm Ba 5 – 100ppm Cs 0.14 – 100ppm Multi Point Calibration Na 0.1 – 1000ppm K 0.05 – 1000ppm Li 0.05 – 1000ppm Ca 1.0 – 1000ppm Ba 5.0 – 3000ppm Cs 0.5 – 1000ppm Reproducibility <1% Coefficient of variability for 20 consecutive samples over ten minutes at concentrations of 100ppm or less. (After instrument stabilisation). Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) displayed LOD LOQ Na – 0.03ppm Na – 0.1ppm K – 0.02ppm K – 0.05ppm Li – 0.02ppm Li – 0.05ppm Ca – 0.3ppm Ca – 1ppm Ba – 1.6ppm Ba – 5.0ppm Cs – 0.041ppm Cs – 0.14ppm Ions measured Customisable measurement of Na, K, Li, Ca, Ba and Cs Interfaces USB 0-2.5 volt output (based on sample concentration linked to element of users choice) Optional 4-20mA output in place of the above Optional integrated printer .CSV and .PDF generated reports and files via FP-PC software Optional collection cup to provide live readings Recommended minimum warm up time based on ambient temperature 21°C – 40 minutes Power requirements 100V – 250V AC at 50 or 60Hz automatically selecting Fuel requirement Propane, Butane or Natural Gas* regulated to 19Bar. Flow rate of 0.4l/min *with modifications. BWB Technologies recommends either Propane or Butane for optimum results. Readout LCD, four line, alpha numeric, back lit. Other Options Left hand or right hand chimney configuration. 4-20mA output linked to any one of your atoms of interest (additional output channels available) Customized inbuilt calibration curves for any or all of the atoms of interest. Customized calibration solutions for multiple points (up to 14) for both in factory pre-shipment calibration and after sales supply. User selectable units of measure including client determined unique units of measure. WHAT’S IN THE BOX PC Leads USB and RS232 Selection of 3 Power cables to suit all regions Aspiration Kit Propane Adapter Manuals covering all aspects of the FP Quick Start guides Warranty Registration Form Certificates of analysis for all provided Fluids Material Safety Data Sheets for all provided Fluids The FP-PC Software installation USB 1L of BWB recommended cleaning solution Customisable calibration fluids based upon your needs. 100ml conical flask with screw lid 100 disposable sample cups 1L of De-Ionised water 2m of waste tube Set of spare fuses 10 x 10ml pipettes 10 x 1ml pipettes

Measurement of Lithium in Sea Water The effect of potential interference from other constituents of sea water was studied, including sodium, chloride and potassium. It was found that pre-concentration of the sea water was not necessary prior to analysis. A filtration of the sample was only necessary if sample contained suspended material. Introduction The effect of potential interferences from other constituents of sea water was studied, including sodium, chloride and potassium and the effects were considered negligible in the analysis. Preconcentration of the sample was not necessary prior to analysis. Filtration of the sample was recommended due to the presence of microscopic particulate matter present such as seaweed and plankton. Procedure Deionised distilled water is used throughout. Glassware is acid cleaned in nitric acid and rinsed thoroughly in deionised water prior to use to avoid contamination. A single point calibration should be carried out to estimate the concentration of Lithium. From this estimate, standard solutions should be made to cover a range to give a better determination of the samples lithium concentration. The sample was filtered into a 100ml volumetric flask using a fine grade filter paper and funnel. The sample did not require any further pre-treatment and was ready for analysis. Further considerations which could be carried out is measuring the weight of the filter paper prior to filtration, drying it post filtration and measuring the additional materials filtered out by reweighing the dry filter paper. This can then be wet ashed with a strong acid and a high temperature oven, then diluted into a 100ml volumetric flask ready for analysis. This would give a reading of available lithium in sea water as well as a “trapped” lithium reading. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium emission. Nebulize the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulize the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB the flame photometer) to concentration of all the standard solutions.

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BWB Flame Photometer Products Pushing the Boundaries of Flame Photometry BWB Flame Photometers have revolutionized the use of low temperature flame analysis. Our flame photometers are easy to use, inexpensive to operate and provide unrivaled accuracy, making them not only the first, but the best alternative to AAS and ICP for measuring Lithium Li, Sodium Na, Potassium K, Calcium Ca & Barium Ba. BWB Technologies USA, is the sole distributor of the BWB Flame Photometers in the United States. Our products are manufactured in England. We continue to develop and enhance a series of flame photometer products and accessories which exceed existing expectations in terms of specification, usability, accuracy, reporting, build quality and value for the money. Flame Photometers A solution for every application At BWB Technologies USA, we offer a wide range of instruments to address the specific needs and applications of our customers. Learn More Automated Fluid Handling System Flame Photometer Automation Automated Fluid Handling System (AFHS) products help increase productivity, automate your analysis and improve a result's accuracy. Learn More Accessories, Consumables & Spares Ensures performance We supply a full range of products to ensure that our flame photometers perform to the highest standards for years to come! Learn More BWB Support Services BWB Technologies are proud to manufacture award winning, market leading flame photometers.and our customer service continues long after we make the sale! We offer our unique on-line IQ OQ PQ program for system validation and certification as well as extended warranty options. BWB Technologies USA provides support to our customers and distributors which is second to none. BWB USA offers our unique online IQ, OQ, PQ system and Provides Installation, Training and initial calibration services and annual PM Service anywhere in the USA and Canada. We hold substantial inventory of consumables and common spare parts and normally ship within 48 hours. Technical support is handled within 24 hours by the Founder and Co-Founder of BWB Technologies on technicalsupport@bwb-america.com

Measurement of Low Concentrations of Sodium in Cement 1 This method allows the direct measurement of low levels of sodium without prior extraction procedures, which minimises possible sources of contamination. Procedure The polyethylene bottles to be used for sample preparation are first soaked in 20% v/v HNO3 for 24 hours, rinsed with distilled-deionized water and dried in a clean atmosphere. Diluent Solution: 0.01% glycerol in 5% HNO3. Preparation of sample The cement sample is dried in a vacuum desiccator or 70 centigrade holding oven for 24 hours prior to sample preparation. Using a mortar and pestle, the cement sample was ground to a fine powder and passed through a graduated mesh. It is imperative that if the cement sample contained larger materials such as rock fragments that these were not ground into the homogeneous mixture. This is due to the analysis of ionic content being based on the binding properties of the cement, not the larger rock shards that hold this binding material. Representative cement samples weighing from 1 to 30mg are placed in 25ml polyethylene bottles and 10ml of the glycerol diluent is added to each of the bottles. The sample solution is then shaken for 30 minutes, the addition of acid will result in fizzing from the release of carbon dioxide from the carbonates present in cement samples, appropriate measures should be taken to avoid spillage of nitric acid from this. Standards are prepared in the glycerol/nitric stock solution from concentrated aqueous stock solutions such as the 10000mg/l calibration solutions supplied from BWB Technologies. To estimate the range of standards that should be used for analysis, the BWB Technologies Flame Photometer offers a single point calibration which should be run with a 100mg/l-1 standard. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium emission. Nebulize the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulize the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB the flame photometer) to concentration of all the standard solutions. 1 Epstein, M.S. & Rush, T.A. ‘The Determination of Low Concentrations of Sodium in Cement by Flame Emission Spectrometry without Sample Preparation’, Appl. Spectroscopy, 45 (1991), p. 1568-1570. 2. U.S Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory (1964). Port Hume, California: US NAVY. 26.

Measurement of Sodium and Potassium in Dried Milk 1 Dried milk is dissolved in warm water. The test solutions and reference solutions are measured directly following dilution with deionised distilled water. Procedure Thoroughly clean and rinse all glassware with deionised distilled water prior to use. It is recommended that polyethylene is used to ensure that sodium does not plate out onto glassware, unless glassware requires heat treatment. The sample should be weighed to nearest 1mg; 1.25g of test sample was weighed for analysis. Transfer test sample to 50ml glass beaker and dissolve in approximately 20ml warm deionised water (40º - 50ºC), alternately a steam bath can be used to heat the sample and deionised water to ensure dissolution into the solvent. Quantitatively transfer contents of beaker to 500mL volumetric flask, cool to 20ºC and dilute to volume. Mix thoroughly via inversion. Aspirate solutions into flame, beginning with standard having the lowest concentration. Using dried typical whole milk, this solution contains approximately 10mg/l sodium and 40mg/l potassium. The results will not be reliable if this solution contains insoluble particles. If insoluble particulate matter is present in the sample, filter the sample through Whatman No.40 filter paper. The filter paper should be weighed on an analytical balance prior to filtration, and then the solution filtered and the paper dried in an oven at low temperature then reweighed and the difference calculated between the pre and post filter paper. This should then be accounted for when calculating concentrations by weight. Preparation of Standard Graph Set the flame photometer in accordance to MultiPoint/Single Ion Calibration found on page 24 of the BWB Technologies Installation and Operation Manual, to measure potassium emission. Nebulise the working standard solutions and adjust the controls until steady zero and maximum readings are obtained. Nebulise the intermediate working standard solutions and construct a graph relating raw emission data (known as RAW in BWB the flame photometer) to concentration of all the standard solutions. 1 AOAC International, ‘AOAC Official Method 990.23: Sodium and Potassium in Dried Milk’, AOAC International (2008), 33.5.12.